Details of Ap English Literature and Composition Argument Essay Samples

<h1>Details of Ap English Literature and Composition Argument Essay Samples </h1> <h2>Ap English Literature and Composition Argument Essay Samples Secrets </h2> <p>Be sure your absolute first section is perfect. The presentation or the early on section is a somewhat significant feature of your exposition by virtue of the straightforward certainty it expresses the significant thought of your creation. The end can be made out of a couple of sentences. The choice of your contention ought to be built from the expressed proposal proclamation. </p> <h2> The Pain of Ap English Literature and Composition Argument Essay Samples</h2> <p>If you're endeavoring to discredit the contention, you're find the most vulnerable spots there. The little note at the finish of the brief about maintaining a strategic distance from plot rundown is very significant. The subsequent point, that making associations is a sort of reasoning which can be instructe d, can't be demonstrated until the absolute first point has been adequately upheld. You ought to be prepared to buckle down from the earliest starting point. </p> <p>Instead, you might want to investigate the article and be certain that your case is bolstered. Moreover, be careful about generalizations, inclination and partiality about this issue or issue which you could remember for the article. </p> <p>It's well significant that however some of them are additionally five-passage articles, they are not as one-dimensional on the grounds that the contentions are to some degree progressively layered. You need to ensure you stay on that 1 side during your entire paper. </p> <p>To compose a fabulous contentious exposition, there are four driving segments of the paper you're probably going to need to think about. So consider what you will in general relish perusing! Pick a subject which you are energetic about or in case you're stretched out a specific theme to compose on, direct some examination before you start composing. </p> <p>Furthermore, the passage doesn't bolster the idea that courteous discourse passes on tone online as it principally centers around the inadequacy of obliging discourse on certain areas of the web. Along these lines, the creator explains the connection between the models and their utilization and importance. Besides, composing piece is simply putting the important sentences with one another to show one's understanding alongside discernment about a subject. English is an overall language that empowers us to speak with individuals from all around the globe. </p> <h2> The Argument About Ap English Liter ature and Composition Argument Essay Samples </h2> <p>The body is generally the center of your paper or creation. In any case, try to peruse the bearings cautiously, featuring the districts of the brief you completely should cover. It is a smart thought to peruse the title of your sythesis and think about your further activities. </p> <p>If you understand that you are battling in an English arrangement class, you may decide to take advantage of the coaching administrations that are provided by most of schools. In any region, having solid composing aptitudes is very valuable. In the event that you're searching for help with your exposition, at that point we give a thorough composing administration offered by completely qualified scholastics in your general vicinity of study. The understudy powers the peruser to make the associations. </p> <h2>New Ideas Into Ap English Literature and Composition Argument Essay Samples Never Before Revealed </h2&g t; <p>Always recall, any article have three particular segments. Ideally finding out about the 2 classes gave you a thought about which one you're inclining towards. The inquiry wasn't only an encouragement to compose verbosely on the subject of photography. You may likewise need to propose more research or remark on things that it was absurd that you talk about in the paper. </p> <p>An significant point to remember is to verify you don't have a thing in the article that isn't identified with your theme. No truly, it is a magnificent thought. On the off chance that you can't figure out what the inquiry is, return and rehash the brief. Realizing the inquiry you're noting is the most fundamental bit of AP composing. </p> <h2> The Meaning of Ap English Literature and Composition Argument Essay Samples </h2> <p>The AP English Literature test can resemble a whole mammoth. In this way, take care to set yourself up before you begin composing your A P English pugnacious article. The AP English contention FRQ has gotten the most direct of the AP English FRQs as it's the most like papers you're as of now used to composing. AP Language is likewise an extraordinary choice in the event that you need to find out about regular science or building, since figuring out how to separate contentions and read true to life writings will most likely be more useful in your favored field than examining verse and writing. </p> <p>Appropriate readiness demonstrates that you see how to make a pugnacious exposition in AP English. In scholarly composition, it's critical to write in English. You won't be in a situation to set up a top notch English structure in the event that you don't get the foremost thought of composing. Composing great creations is pivotal in the English Language in the inclination that it empowers the understudy to be able to communicate what is in her or his brain with respect to a particular issue. </p>

Writing a College Essay - Writing for Academic Reasons

Writing a College Essay - Writing for Academic ReasonsYou need to think about how to write a college essay versus high school essay when you are trying to decide what your next step should be. There are lots of considerations to make, and many things that you have to think about. After all, you have a lot on your plate.In this article, we will discuss the different ways to write a college essay, as well as how to best approach it. The point is to ensure that your college essay is so well written and focused that it makes an impact on the reader. It should be well written in every way, from the strong sentence structure to the amazing level of vocabulary and expression that is used.Writing a college essay is not the same as writing a high school essay. It is more difficult because you will be much more conscious of your audience. The level of maturity of the student, the opinions they hold, the questions they are most likely to ask and the background information that you include all w ill factor into the writing of the essay. It's always important to be careful about what you write and to take care with the grammar.Many university students will be interviewed for their thesis or to review a course work. Even if you are writing an essay for a course in English, you may want to consider the tone and style that you use in your essay. There is a standard to follow as far as how to do this. When you do so, you will be able to write a highly original and captivating essay.When you do come up with your own college essay, it will be more original than any of the others you have read. Some people write an essay that is to the point while others can get away with a lot more detail. If you want to write a winning essay, then it's important to know how to properly articulate your thoughts.Use and develop a story-telling strategy when you are writing your essay. This means that you must tell a great story and incorporate plenty of verbiage into the piece. The goal is to maint ain the interest of the reader and keep them reading until the end. It's also important to use many different perspectives and to show the world around you rather than just your personal point of view.Another thing that you will want to consider when you are writing a good college essay is the reason why it is being written. For example, are you writing to receive an award or to garner attention? As an essay writer, you may also want to consider the level of emotion that you want to get across in your essay, but of course, everyone will want to read something that is simple to understand.There are many different points of view in a college essay. It's important to get all of them in one piece. Make sure that you give the reader a summary of the main points, make a point and go on to tell a story about it, or show the world around you. Consider these suggestions and you should be able to write a great essay, one that will make a lasting impression on your readers.

Essay Samples For University Application

Essay Samples For University ApplicationYour college essay samples for university application can become an effective tool in convincing college admission officers that you are qualified to attend. Essay samples can set the right tone for your essay, and if you use them correctly, they will also be viewed as an asset by college admissions officers who may be curious about how your background was shaped. Here are a few tips to help you write good essay samples for university application.One of the great ways to structure your writing is to break your essay into paragraphs. A paragraph is the most basic unit of writing, and also the easiest way to write a sentence, and if you break up your essay, it gives you a lot more room to fill with your information and thoughts. Give each paragraph a heading, so that you can easily identify the section of your essay that it pertains to. If you are using a text editor like Microsoft Word, it's easy to change the formatting of your paragraphs.In yo ur college essay samples for university application, keep your sentences short and simple. Lengthy sentences and ideas only distract from the main idea that your essay is attempting to express. You can describe any experiences you had but don't make the mistake of saying something that you know you couldn't possibly have done. Always keep your sentences simple and clear, without too much filler words or unnecessary descriptions.Another tip to writing college essay samples for university application is to not end sentences on a cliff hanger. Don't try to follow a plot through to the end of your essay, unless you feel the story is complete. Or if you have a very limited amount of space, end your sentence with a question and only explain what happens in the next part of your essay. Either way, ending sentences in a cliff hanger is a bad habit that you need to get rid of.One of the best tips towriting college essay samples for university application is to think about the effects that yo u want to impart onto the reader of your essay. It doesn't have to be anything that you would have actually done in high school. An example is when you write about how you've been bullied by your schoolmates, and you wish that you could go back and do it all over again. But as you sit down to write, you realize that what you really mean is that you wish that you could do it all over again and you wish that you would have done things differently. This isn't really a descriptive sentence, but it's an effective one because it brings back memories of how you felt when you were younger.Keep your college essay samples for university application concise and well-organized. Don't forget to spell check your writing for accuracy. If you feel that something doesn't sound good, go back and rewrite it until it does.Writing college essay samples for university application is just as important as writing a good college application essay. You need to think about how you are going to write each of t he sections of your essay, and keep in mind your needs for space and the length of your essay. Give yourself plenty of time to write the essay, and the more you do this, the better you will get at writing essays.

Representations Of Women And Women - 1539 Words

Representations of what is believed to be female characters holding weapons have been previously observed on the fragments of the Oseberg tapestry. The textile fragments show human-esque figures that appear to be either standing in front of spears or holding them and who wear clothing that is closely representative of long dresses which were worn by Viking Age women. Some apparently female figures are also holding swords. The Oseberg tapestry is difficult to interpret, but it has been suggested that its imagery may represent a procession of some sort, perhaps one that occurred as part of a funeral. Jesch has also speculated whether the female figures on the tapestry might be valkyrjur â€Å"choosing the slain for the honour of Valhall† . Jesch notes the variety of places that female Scandinavian graves can be found, from Iceland to Russia, yet she is hesitant about presenting this as evidence of female participation in Viking raids. She says, â€Å"In spite of the archaeol ogical evidence that women from Scandinavia accompanied the men who went trading and adventuring in the east, we are never told this in the written sources.† However, what written sources do contain is a picture of how medieval writers viewed the Viking Age through a gendered bias. Jesch analyzes the History of the Danes, written by Saxo Grammaticus in the 12th century, and how he treats â€Å"warrior women† in the stories such as Lathgertha and Alvid. There is little doubt that Saxo uses the idea of women asShow MoreRelatedWomen And Representations Of Women1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe lives and representations of women in the Florentine Renaissance In Biblical imaginary, the image of woman often originated from the image of Eve. Eve was allured by the devil and impelled Adam to disobey God and eat the forbidden fruit, resulting in their exclusion from the paradise, mortality and hardship in their lives living on Earth. Since then, the female descendants of Eve were held responsible for this loss of paradise. During the Renaissance era, women were oppressed by men becauseRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women994 Words   |  4 PagesWomen’s representation remains an ongoing issue that not only affects the lives of women, but the entire society. Females have been raised to believe that appearances will get them far in life instead of other factors such as intelligence and the ability to succeed without depending on their looks. Along with the hindering misconception of females’ level of intelligence, the media continues to support the minoritization of females. Students must realize that to change how society perceives women, studentsRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women1676 Words   |  7 Pages and 64% of women in there sixties said they were not happy with their appearance either. The difference between the two, however, is that the majority of the older women were ‘grateful’ about the way they look, while most teenagers described themselves as ‘ self-conscious’ when it comes to their physical appearance (â€Å"How Women Feel About Their Looks†). These statistics prove that women of all ages are affected by women’s representation in the media, as more often than not, the women presented haveRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women Essay1830 Words   |  8 PagesThe sexualisation of women in advertising has become a very prominent and controversial issue in today’s society. Many brands, products and campaigns we are presented with portray women as being available and willing sexual objects, who exist to cater to the male gender. Gucci is one such brand that does this, focusing on emphasizing the sexual appeal of the female gender in order to sell their products, because as advertisers know: ‘sex sells.’ This new cultural shift can however, be seen as politicallyRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women836 Words   |  4 PagesThe representation of gender in the media today is construc ted and selected this is known as mediation. Moreover, the representation of women has changed due to the sociological changes. However, there are still sterotypical representation of women in this society. This is the way the women should look and behave. As, well, as, due to the changing representation of women the representation of men has changed and their has been many cries that masculinity is in crisis. This means the definition ofRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pageshe documentary Miss Representation addressed and discussed many prevalent matters with regard to women’s representation in the media. The document argues that the media portrays women as either hyper sexualized, too conservative, too submissive, or too dominant and so on. The main idea is that TV, advertisements, magazines, and music too often portray women in a negative, male biased light. This documentary detailed many examples of these phenomena occurring in our society. A great example of theRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women1564 Words   |  7 PagesSince the beginning of cinema, there has been an ongoing issue in regards to the representation of women, or in fact, the lack of representation that is authentic to real women. Women have often been reduced to token roles and sexualised for the benefit of the male gaze, thus this turbulent relationship between women and cinema was born. To this day we still have a long way to go, however, the representation of women has evolved significantly due to factors such as; the wave of feminism, changingRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women897 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching different points about women in leadership it has opened my eyes to multiple subjects in the today world. It shows many ways of how people in the society see women. Enormous amount of women have more than one thing on their plate. But still are complete everything let alone being a mothe r, great wife to her husband, and be a successful lady. Women can be the most powerful people if they were not judge or not looked at as equal due to their gender. Although women hold almost 52 percent of allRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women1438 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Feminism† is the belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power, and opportunities as men; it demands them to be treated, in the same way. This ideology means attaining social, political and economic equality for both women and men. During the period between 19th and the early 20th century, several noted feminist writers examined women’s role in the patriarchal society then further reflected their philosophy of life and aided in an identification of women. The era coincides with the modernistRead MoreWomen s Representation Of Women2993 Words   |  12 PagesFrom 2002 to 2012, women wrote and directed 12 per cent of feature films made in New Zealand by New Zealanders. When you con sider that film is a medium through which to tell the stories of a nation, it would seem that the views of women are seriously underrepresented. Would having more female directors mean that stories in which women play a central role other than that of sexual object would become more prevalent? I think the answer is yes. For although it is possible for male directors to direct

Business Research for Performance in Hospitality- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research for Sales Performance in Hospitality. Answer: Reflective writing I have initiated this business research on the topic Factors affecting sales performance in the Hospitality industry in Australia. In this research program, I have discussed the various factors which are responsible for the change in the sales performance of the companies operating in the hospitality industry of Australia. In this reflection, I will present the key aspects discussed in the business research program, knowledge and skills which I have developed from the execution of this business research. I have discussed the various factors which affect the sales of the companies of the hospitality industry in Australia. For developing knowledge and gathering data related to these factors, different sources have been put to use in this business research program. These factors include intensive competition in the industry, decreasing customer retention, change in the perspectives of customers, increase in wastage, high employee turnover rates and increased operating cost (Tar, et. al., 2014). Sales of the companies operating in the hospitality industry of Australia are also getting affected due to the political, economic, social and technological factors. These factors are the part of the business environment which needs to be dealt in a proper manner (Kandampully, et. al., 2015). This business research has developed my knowledge regarding the hospitality industry and different factors which need to be considered while analyzing the sales performance of the company. This business research has contributed at large to my learning process and to the experience which I have gained from the execution of this program. This knowledge will be applied in different phases of the life and enhances the courage to conduct future research programs. This research has motivated me to conduct research programs in future for developing my knowledge (Cantallops and Salvi, 2014). From the execution of this business research in a successful manner, I have attained the objectives of the course. Requirements of the course need to be met for this program. For the future career, this research will act as a base and the knowledge and skills which I have developed from conducting this research. I have focused on performing the research by presenting the quality data for ensuring the reliability of the research. The research topic is a common topic and knowledge of these aspects is crucial for the future career. In the general life, knowledge of the environment and society is vital as this helps in coping with the different uncertain situations arising in front of the individual (Powers, et. al., 2016). I have performed this research program by forming a plan which has served as a guide for the activities of this research. This research has been initiated on the basis of the plans formulated. I have considered the limitations which could have affected the research program. I have considered ethical aspects for performing the research in a right manner. During the execution process of this business research, knowledge of the various aspects associated with the hospitality industry and factors affecting sales have been developed. This knowledge will help in resolving the events in future and taking advantage of the opportunity available (Tsingos-Lucas, et. al., 2017). This business research program has boosted the learning process of mine. This knowledge developed from the execution of this business research program is of great use for me as I have developed knowledge of the aspects of the business environment, the manner of performing research programs and different approaches or techniques for data collection. This program has played a very crucial role by providing a direction to the knowledge regarding the research topic (Dalley-Hewer, et. al., 2015). I have carried out this research program in three parts. In the first assignment, the discussion has been made regarding the background of the research topic, framing objectives, describing the scope of the research and presenting data gathered from secondary sources. In the second assignment, the discussion has been made regarding the approaches or techniques applied for collecting data. Action has been covered in the second assignment which has helped in the completion of the research within the time specified. I will apply the knowledge in future for taking effective steps for solving the issues or events faced in the future. As a professional, there is a need to develop a technique for resolving the issues or events faced in the professional and personal life effectively (Powers, et. al., 2016). Thus, from the above, it can be stated that this business research has contributed to my knowledge and skills. I have learned about the various factors which can affect the sales of an organization. I have developed the skills of conducting a research which will be used in future for initiating research programs. References Cantallops, A. S. and Salvi, F., 2014, New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels,International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp. 41-51. Dalley-Hewer, J., Opie, J. Knowles, N., 2015, A creative alternative to reflective writing: promoting skills of reflection through walking a labyrinth,Physiotherapy, 101, pp.e766e767. Kandampully, J., Zhang, T. and Bilgihan, A., 2015, Customer loyalty: a review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry,International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), pp. 379-414. Powers, E., Vance, M. Fleming, L., 2016, Teaching Reflective Writing Through Learning Communities: An Opportunity to Meet Student Needs and Improve Student-Faculty Relationships, Medical Science Educator, 26(1), pp.129133. Tar, J. J., Molina-Azorn, J. F., Pereira-Moliner, J., Lpez-Gamero, M. D. and Pertusa-Ortega, E. M., 2014, Quality Management and Performance in the Hotel Industry: A Literature Review, InAction-Based Quality Management. Springer International Publishing, pp. 1-12. Tsingos-Lucas, C., Cherie, Anticevich, B., Sinthia, Schneider, C. R., Smith, L., 2017, Using reflective writing as a predictor of academic success in different assessment formats,American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 81(1), pp.18.

The Impact of Nineteenth Century Photography on Visual Representation and the Development of Visual Culture

The development of photography in the mid-nineteenth century marked a definitive transformation in visual representation. It also became a sign of the beginning of the shift toward the visual culture that we know in the 21st century. The advent of photography as an accessible art form and the rise of the amateur photographer represented the main drivers of these developments.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Impact of Nineteenth Century Photography on Visual Representation and the Development of Visual Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following essay delves into the history of photography as it developed simultaneously in the United States and Europe, and places special emphasis on the history and theory of nineteenth century photography as it developed during the Victorian era. Photography gained an avid following in the Victorian culture and in many ways facilitated the intersection between Victorian literature and photography, particularly in the works of popular children’s authors such as Lewis Carroll and J.M. Barrie, and revolutionized the representations of children and the province of childhood in popular Victorian literature such as Alice in Wonderland. The intersection between the visual and verbal cultures in the 18th century and 19th centuries represents another area wherein photography united the intricate inter-relationships between visual images and texts. Nineteenth century photography with reference to both the figure of the child and the photographs and photographic practices of Victorian women also exerted a significant impact, as evidenced by the works of such early photographers Julia Margaret Cameron. This essay intends to place both historical and cultural emphasis on these elements and illuminate some of the supernatural elements that photography brought to bear on popular images, particularly those created during the Spiritualist movement of the mid-nineteenth century. This essay will also investigate the photographic technique of combination printing and its impact on the art form. As Yacavone observes, â€Å"it is the double function of the photograph as both evidence of the real and, at the same time, a starting point for a flight of imagination on the part of its beholder, that foregrounds an engagement with literature† (97).Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the novel presence of the camera in nineteenth century culture transformed the act of looking and affected all major social, aesthetic and philosophical categories at the time. This impact of this transformation can still be felt today in the dominance of photography in news reporting as well as the role of digital photography in visual representation and the visual culture of the Internet and social media. Photography usurped the p ictorial representation of painting at the time, particularly in the realm of portraiture, and revolutionized the relationship that individuals possessed not only with their own images and ways of seeing, but also the relationship with time itself. As Walter Benjamin observed in his seminal 1936 piece The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, â€Å"lithography enabled graphic art to illustrate everyday life, and it began to keep pace with printing. But only a few decades after its invention, lithography was surpassed by photography. For the first time in the process of pictorial reproduction, photography freed the hand of the most important artistic functions which henceforth devolved only upon the eye looking into a lens. Since the eye perceives more swiftly than the hand can draw, the process of pictorial reproduction was accelerated so enormously that it could keep pace with speech† (Benjamin n.p.). The essay concludes with a showcasing of a number of nineteen th century photographs that illustrate the wide range of uses, particularly in the realm of portraiture, that photographers of the nineteenth century employed the photographic technology of the time to document. This section analyzes work from Robert Cornelius, Roger Fenton, Alexander Gardner, and Lewis Carroll to highlight the multiple uses of photography as a literary device as well as a means of documenting historical events such as wars. Pictorialism Pictorialism was a name given to a style of photography practiced largely from the mid-nineteenth century through until the outbreak of the Second World War; its popularity spans the years between 1860 and 1940 (Batchen 764; Hermange 5; Patty 32).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Impact of Nineteenth Century Photography on Visual Representation and the Development of Visual Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Photographs created in the pictorialist style are characterized by an obvious narrative approach to their subject matter; pictorialist photographs therefore appear staged and contain heavy application of genre, mood, soft-focus lighting, and impressionist imagery. Pictorialism was favoured by a number of nineteenth century artistic movements, including the New York based photography group the Linked Ring and Photo Secessionists (Batchen 764; Patty 32). Pictorialism is best described as a transitional phase between painting and photography. The pictorialist photographers were essentially thinking like painters, and despite the fact that they advocated the process of photography as a mode of fine art more so than a scientific advance, the photographs created by proponents of the pictorialist movement more closely resembled painting styles and while the goal of the pictorialists was to legitimize photography as art in its own right, the pictorialists nonetheless attempted to match photography to the existing genres of painti ng. Thus, the early art works of the pictorialists tended to mimic the styles and genres recognizable from painting. In the 1850s, art photographers such as Rejlander and Robinson encouraged the creation of stage-managed images that the photographers had handcrafted into photographic images to resemble the mood and framing of painting (Lewis 11). Robinson maintained that a successful art photograph exhibited as much handcraft and finesse as any other popular art medium, such as painting and sculpture. Photographers such as Henry Peach Robinson and Oscar Gustav Rejlander used multiple exposures, and developed combination printing, in addition to the staging of their photographic subjects (Scott 35). In the 1858 photograph Fading Away for example, the photographer Henry Peach Robinson photographed the scene using a total of six separate negatives.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each negative was individually printed and cut out, after which Robinson attached the negative to a solitary background. In the next phase, Robinson reconfigured the joinery and then photographed the collage a second time. The goal of this process was produce a seamless print and guaranteed Robinson’s position as one of the most well known and well used photographers of the era. Pictorialists such as Rejlander and Robinson eventually lost favour to later photographers such as Peter Henry Emerson, who was determined to develop naturalism in photography. Emerson felt that art photography needed to use the new medium to capture reality, and he strongly promoted the use of realistic photography without artifice or manipulation of any kind. Thus Emerson’s work used real individuals and avoided the use of actors. Emerson also used soft focus, advocated the idea of the photographic salon, and promoted the use of modern photographic processes at the time, including photogravur e and platinum (Lewis 14). Henry Peach Robinson, Fading Away, 1858. By the end of nineteenth century, advances in photography led to the replacement of the Wet Plate with the Dry Plate Process. Soon after, the amateur photographer began to come to the fore of the art world. The dry plate process offered the main advantage of being pre-packaged; thus, amateur photographers found it much easier to take photos without the need for cumbersome equipment. Kodak also developed a hand held camera in 1888; this first portable camera was coined the Kodak #1 (Lewis 14). The Portrait The appeal of photography historically has always been in its ability to depict reality, seemingly without the influence of humans (Batchen 764; Lewis 11). As Scott explains, the scientific element of photography makes it simultaneously an art form and a representative science. â€Å"Photography is about capturing light reflected off objects. It is, therefore, not a branch of drawing, nor even of art: it is a mak ing manifest of the physics of the world and tells us about the creation of volumes and appearances. The miracle of photography lies not in its iconicity, but in its indexicality† (Scott 35). In the nineteenth century, photography revolutionized the portrait, as it created the illusion of authenticity. As Scott explains, â€Å"what is wanted in portraiture is the portrait, and nothing more; no obvious intrusion, that is, of the personality of the producer; a true portrait, of course, an evocation, true to the spiritual and mental as well as to the physical. And in that lies the potentiality, the individuality of the photographer; that he can arrange a lighting, choose a pose, elicit an expression, which shall say the whole truth of the sitter, inside and out† (37). Photography allowed the image to stand alone without the obvious input of the human hand or eye, as was the norm in portraiture created by the medium of painting. For the first time in history, the true human face, unadulterated by artifice or manipulated by colour or texture, became available to the human eye. The true human face suggested â€Å"a type of reading and literary interpretation†¦that is crucially informed by photographic material that invites a factual and biographical approach owing to the photograph’s indexical nature as the real past captured and preserved† (Yacavone 99). The supremacy of the portrait began with the daguerreotype, a method of photography developed by Louis-Jacques-Mandà © Daguerre, a French inventor, and unveiled publicly in France at the August 19, 1839 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris invented the daguerreotype process in France (Aldred 305; Patty 32; Scott 35). Even today, the daguerreotype is considered the quintessential example of the true likeness of a person. As Aldred explains, the daguerreotype â€Å"epitomizes the uniqueness of the photographic image†¦the daguerreotype has no negative to be transfor med into a positive photographic image†¦which is therefore capable of being-and has been-manipulated. Daguerrotypes are literally the authentic trace of the individual whose physical existence is embedded within the metallic image† (Aldred 305). Photographers on both sides of the Atlantic capitalized on this new French invention. The main appeal of the daguerreotype was that it could produce a likeness never before seen, the ultimate â€Å"truthful likeness†¦[which spawned] theoretical reflections on the photographic image as a framing and freezing of the real† (Yacavone 101). The daguerreotype style of photography represents a direct-positive process. The daguerreotype creates an extremely detailed image on a sheet of copper plate and applies a thin coating of silver; the daguerreotype does not use a negative. Robert Cornelius One of the lesser known photographers of the nineteenth century was not actually a photographer, but rather a chemist who stumbled int o photography in its early days and is now credited with taking the first photo of a human being, a self portrait, dated 1839 (Patty 32). Robert Cornelius, Self Portrait, 1839. Robert Cornelius was born in Philadelphia and lived there from 1809 to 1893 (Patty 32). His livelihood was that of a chemist and a metallurgist. In 1839 he was commissioned to create a silver plate for a photographer to work on a daguerreotype, and this led to his interest in photography. The city of Philadelphia made several other significant contributions to the art of photography, as Patty explains, including â€Å"Dr. Paul Beck Goddard of Philadelphia was the first person in the world to obtain an instantaneous picture by heliography, December 1839†¦ William G. Mason of Philadelphia obtained the first perfect picture in the camera by the aid of artificial light, December 1839†¦the first portrait studio in America, or more strictly in the world, was opened in Philadelphia, February 1840, by Rob ert Cornelius, at the northeast corner of Eighth Street and Lodge Alley† (32). â€Å"The majority of photographs assembled by Barthes [do not] correspond in any powerful or interesting way with the mental image evoked by the literary depiction of a character† (Yacavone 101). However, Robert Cornelius continued to experiment with the daguerreotype process and made several advances to the effect that he could take professional style photographs of human beings and render them full of character, a gift that would eventually inspire a generation of photographers after him. At that point in history, human photography was largely unknown. Robert Cornelius opened two successful daguerreotype shops in Philadelphia in the late 1830s, which he operated until 1843 (Patty 32). After that time, Robert Cornelius appears to have lost interest in the photography venture and returned to work at his father’s lighting and gas company. As Patty explains, â€Å"Cornelius was a scien tist and a businessman, not an artist† (32). Other valuable contributions made to the art of photography by Philadelphians include â€Å"the first heliograph ever entered for exhibition was one by Dr. Joseph E. Parker at the tenth exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held in October 1840†¦the first photo-mechanical reproduction for use with printer’s ink, which combined in its production the daguerreotype, electrotype and a mechanical process†¦[and] the first successful attempts at interior photography were made by Dr. Paul Beck Goddard, January 1840, at the Academy of Natural Sciences at the southeast corner of Twelfth and Sansom Streets. The originals are still in existence† (Patty 32). Robert Cornelius, Martin Hans Boye, 1841. Roland Barthes explained that â€Å"the photograph is literally an emanation of the referent† (44). Robert Cornelius’ photographs, though created by a non-artist, nonetheless contain a uniqueness of pose and exp ression rarely found in other nineteenth century photographs, as evidenced by the portrait of Martin Hans Boye, dated 1841. The relaxed expression and natural position of the subject’s body countered the stiffness and formality of most other nineteenth century portraits. â€Å"As an emanation, the photographic object therefore retains a tangible trace of the photographic subject. Thus, the photographic record of the past is unique amongst those of all other media because it is founded on a chemical process that makes it possible to recover and print directly the luminous rays emitted by a variously lighted object† (Patty 38). It is this private, personal connection between the photographic and the photographic subject that separated photography from all other art forms. Robert Cornelius appears to have discovered a unique style, one that inspired a generation of photographers after him, despite the fact that he eventually gave it up and moved on. As Patty explains, Rob ert Cornelius’ genius lay in how he posed his subjects, particularly in the self portrait for which he is so well known. â€Å"Even Cornelius’ improved daguerreotype process required that the subject sit perfectly still for several minutes, so it is particularly interesting that he chose such an active pose†¦the charm of the 1839 portrait lies in its modernity: he stands with an informality and lack of pose that it is shocking to see in pre-1900 photograph. [Critics have become] inured to the idea of the stiffly posed Civil War and post-Civil War photographs, but Cornelius’ portraits are full of personality. That’s also hard to reconcile with the era† (Patty 38). Robert Cornelius. Street Scene of Eighth and Market Streets, Philadelphia,  Sixth-plate daguerreotype, May 1840. Roger Fenton Roger Fenton could well be the world’s first war correspondent. Improvements to Daguerre’s process in Fenton’s day, including the use o f bromine as an accelerator for the process, â€Å"made its universal application possible, and in reality form the basis of the whole photographic structure of today† (Patty 32). These improvements allowed Roger Fenton to become one of the most famous nineteenth century war photographers. Born in England, Roger Fenton came to the fore as a photographer during the Crimean War between 1853 and 1856. Roger Fenton became well known after the release of the Crimean War photographs that detail enormous barren wastelands populated by soldiers and horses, as well as informal and revealing portraits of generals and officers, as evidenced by the 1855 photograph of Captain Cuninghame. As Yacavone explains, â€Å"the process of viewing the images themselves, evidences the fact that the imaginary is always already active while viewing photographs, inasmuch as they display a high degree of interpretation, association, and addition that cannot be reduced to the photographic image or to th e literary depiction of the photographed person† (Yacavone 102). Such is the case with Roger Fenton’s photograph of Captain Cuninghame. In this photograph, Roger Fenton captures the deep fatigue of war; despite his elaborate costume and military stance, Captain Cuninghame’s weariness is palpable in this photograph, and his scraggly beard and heavy eyelids betray the fact that he has not had access to a razor or sleep in a very long while (Patty 32). There is clear ambiguity between the warrior pose and warrior costume and the man himself. â€Å"This ambiguity regarding the illustrative and documentary capacities of photographic documents has provoked recent critics to explore the provisionality of these images and their radical resonances†¦They manifest the disparity between the catastrophic events of history and the ability of human memory and archival technology to accurately recall them† (Patty 37). Roger Fenton was born in Lancashire in 1819. Thom as Agnew and Sons, a publishing company from London, commissioned Roger Fenton to take photographs of the English army’s activities during the war that took place on the Crimean Peninsula (Patty 32). Roger Fenton was hired by and large to â€Å"sell† the Crimean War to the British public. While Thomas Agnew and Sons held the commercial interest in the results of Roger Fenton’s travels, there was also national interest from the monarchy top improve the image of the war. While the images that Roger Fenton captured on the Crimean Peninsula are arresting, they are â€Å"by no means neutral; rather, they represent a contemporary agenda† (Patty 32). The success of Roger Fenton during the Crimean War can be attributed to the photographers foresight and ability to plan and prepare effectively. The journey to the Crimean Peninsula was a tough one, and many other British photographers had lost everything, even their negatives, through the weather, capsizing at sea, wind damage, or a lack of proper fixation (Patty 32). Roger Renton went to the front in a â€Å"photographic caravan [that] included 5 cameras, 700 glass plates†¦in three formats†¦lab Materials, and a bed. Nineteenth century war photography was not for the feeble. Fenton, who practiced the Wet Collodion process, had to travel in foreign terrain with an entire darkroom set-up and several large, bulky cameras† (Patty 32). Roger Fenton’s hardiness and ability to tell a story with a lens allowed audiences in Britain access to the front in an unprecedented manner. When Roger Fenton left for the Crimean Peninsula, the public opinion regarding the war in Britain was ambivalent; the public knew that some of the English soldiers were dying from starvation and that the living conditions were abysmal. The Queen at the time, Queen Victoria encouraged Roger Fenton to capture â€Å"tasteful views of picturesque scenes,† rather than images of violent skirmishes and bloody war scenes (Patty 32). Roger Fenton, Captain Cuninghame, 42nd Royal Highland Regiment, June 1855. American Civil War Photographs The American Civil War became one of the world’s first heavily documented wars, on account of the development of photography. When war was declared in 1861, an American portrait photographer named Matthew Brady recognized the opportunity to immortalize his work through the act of documenting history (Holzer 44). Literature at that time was extremely pro-war and tended to glorify the pursuit of war as manly, brave, and an act that constituted the duty of free men (Holzer 49) Matthew Brady successfully placed professional photographers in the field of battle, much like the U.S. army imbeds war correspondents in the wars of today. Some of the famous photographers that Brady amassed to work on his war documentation project included Timothy O’ Sullivan, Alexander Gardner, George N. Bernard, and George Cook (Holzer 44). Matthew Brady and th is team of photographers shot over 8,000 negatives (Holzer 44). Most of these negatives now reside in the National Archives as part of the Brady Civil War Collection (Holzer 45). Matthew Brady’s photographers were on the scene at many of the key battles of the American Civil War, including Gettysburg, Antietem, and Petersburg, although many of the photographs depict death scenes and dead bodies more so than battle scenes. Some critics have maintained that the pro war nineteenth century aesthetic precluded the photographers from capturing the horrors of battle more so than the exposure time (Holzer 45). Many critics and historians alike have also claimed that the bulk of Matthew Brady’s Civil War photographs were pictorialist in nature – that is, staged. As Holzer explains â€Å"exposure time still prohibited photographers from successfully capturing warfare. [However] historians have speculated that some of the Brady Civil War pictures were, in fact, staged. Li ke the Gardner photograph pictured above and the O’ Sullivan photograph pictured below, dead bodies were sometimes moved and repositioned in order to capture a more compelling image. Debates about the difference between psychological and physical truth have stirred many Civil War photo enthusiasts† (47). George Houghton George Houghton was a contemporary of Brady and Gardner whose work depicted the mundanity of war – waiting, especially, as evidenced by his most famous portrait of a Berdan’s Sharpshooter named California Joe. The sniper’s real name was Truman Head. In this photograph, California Joe watches for Rebels, in what represents not only Houghton’s most famous picture, but also the tedium that befell many soldiers during the Civil War (Holzer 2012). George Houghton, California Joe, 1861 Alexander Gardner Alexander Gardner is best known as a photographer who worked during the American Civil War to bring the images of battle to the p ublic. His work contains a disturbing contradiction to the literature of the time which tended to glorify the war. In response to what he had seen and read about the Civil War, Alexander Gardner wrote, â€Å"slowly over the misty fields of Gettysburg – as all reluctant to expose their ghastly horrors to the light – came the sunless mourn, after the retreat by Lee’s broken army. Through the shadowy vapors it was, indeed, a harvest of death that was presented†¦ such a picture contains a useful moral: it shows the blank horror and reality of war, in opposition to its pageantry. Here are the dreadful details! Let them aid in preventing such another calamity falling upon the nation!† (Holzer 46). The reality of the war and the unwillingness of the literature of the time to report the war as it was frustrated Gardner so much that in 1866 he published Gardner’s Photographic Sketchbook of The War, and published many of today’s most famous Ameri can Civil War photographs. Alexander Gardner was also one of the first war photographers, and he accompanied many of his photographs with texts that detailed the time and situation that the photograph depicted. Alexander Gardner’s texts and photographs speak to the issue of psychological truth in photographs and contributed significantly to the later visual culture of war correspondents that popularized later wars such as World War II and the Vietnam War. Lewis Carroll Author Lewis Carroll is best known as a children’s author; however, he was also a skilled photographer in his own right. Lewis Carroll especially understood the power of the portrait to infuse a photograph with the essence or soul of an individual. Lewis Carroll’s work also favoured the pictorialist style of portraiture, as evidenced by one of his most famous photographs, The Beggar Maid (Susina 33). As Yacavone explains, â€Å"the photograph is clearly linked to the viewer’s personal life -experience in relation to the depicted person†¦the imaginary is the hinge, as it were, between the photograph and the literary work, or, more specifically, between the real-life person and the character† (101). In Lewis Carroll’s photographs of children, particularly those that include Alice Liddell, we see the relationship between the writer and his muse depicted. In The Beggar Maid, Lewis Carroll’s child muse, Alice Liddell, dresses up in a torn outfit made of rags and poses in her bare feet against a brick wall. One hand rests on her hip and the other she cups in front of her in the classic gesture of a panhandler. The fascinating element of this photograph remains Alice Liddell’s expression; she is at once defiant, feisty, entitled, vulnerable, bored, curious, naughty, and mischievous. Lewis Carroll. The Beggar Maid. 1858. Lewis Carroll’s photography of children fuses an appreciation for the world of children, particularly their imaginati on, with an uncanny ability to capture the air and essence of an individual child, as evidenced particularly in the body of work that Lewis Carroll created using Alice Liddell as a model and muse (Leal 11; Susina 33). In these photographs Lewis Carroll combines the magic of the child’s imaginative world with the scientific accuracy of the photographic portrait. In the nineteenth century, the development of the art of photography transformed not only the ability of portrait artists to capture their subjects; it also facilitated the intersection between Victorian literature and photography, and created some of the most enchanting combinations of literature and photography, particularly in the work of Lewis Carroll. The development of photography in the nineteenth century also began the fundamental shift from painting as the main medium of representation, and facilitated the shift to the visual culture of the late 20th century and 21st century. Works Cited Aldred, Nannette. â₠¬Å"The Portrait in Photography.† The British Journal of Aesthetics 33.3 (1993): 305-306. Print. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida. London: Hill and Wang, 1980. Print. Batchen, Geoffrey. â€Å"Light and Dark: The Daguerreotype And Art History.† The Art Bulletin 86.4 (2004): 764-776. Print. Benjamin, Walter. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Marxist Literary Criticism Philosophy Archive. Web. Benjamin, Walter. â€Å"A Short History of Photography†, in Alan Trachtenberg (ed.), Classic Essays on Photography. New Haven: Leete’s Island Books, 1980. Print. Cornelius, Robert. Martin Hans Boye, 1841. Web. Cornelius, Robert. Self Portrait, 1839. Web. Cornelius, Robert. Street Scene of Eighth and Market Streets, Philadelphia, Sixth-plate daguerreotype, May 1840. Web. Hermange, Emmanuel. â€Å"Aspects and Uses Of Ekphrasis In Relation To Photography, 1816-186O.† Journal of European Studies 30.1 (2000): 5. Print. Holzer, Harold. â€Å"War arou nd the Edges.† Civil War Times 51.1 (2012): 44-58. Print. Leal, Amy. â€Å"Lewis Carroll’s Little Girls.† The Chronicle of Higher Education 54.10 (2007):11-15. Print. Lewis, Robert. â€Å"Photographing the California Gold Rush: Robert Lewis looks at the historical evidence contained within the daguerreotypes taken during the 1849 Gold Rush.† History Today 52.3 (2002): 11-23. Print. Patti, Tony. â€Å"The Philadelphia influence.† PSA Journal 61.7 (1995): 32. Print. Scott, Clive. â€Å"Frederick Evans: Photography as Mediation.† Journal of European Studies 30.1 (2000): 35. Print. Susina, Jan. The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children’s Literature. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2010. Print. Yacavone, Kathrin. â€Å"Reading Through Photography: Roland Barthes’s Last Seminar ‘Proust Et La Photographie’.† French Forum 34.1 (2009): 97-112. Print. This term paper on The Impact of Nineteenth Century Photography on Visual Representation and the Development of Visual Culture was written and submitted by user Jenn1ferSm1th to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cognitive Treatment of Depression

Cognitive Treatment of Depression The hassles and hurdles of life are usually characterised by mood variation which may take toll on an individual and affect the normal functioning of the body. Depression has for a long time been associated with the difficulty to deal with challenges experienced in the day to day life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Treatment of Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a condition that makes a person excessively moody; always sad, discouraged, hopeless, anxious, irritable and a general feeling of despair and emptiness in life (Dobson, 2011). This state usually lasts longer than is normally expected. A depressed person may loose enthusiasm in activities that were initially of great interest. Research has shown that this condition is one of the leading risk factor for suicidal tendencies due to the strong emotions associated with it (Butler Beck, 2005). There are several sub-types of depression dep ending on their signs and symptoms, and the effects they have on a person. Effective treatment of depression relies on proper identification of the type. Several options for treating this condition have been developed. The essay discusses the cognitive treatment of depression disorder. It describes the rationale for the therapy, some of the therapeutic techniques used to treat this disorder, and provide a brief overview of the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of this treatment method. The rationale for cognitive therapy Treatment of any disease or disorder depends on the accurate understanding of the signs and symptoms, the possible causes as well as the effects it has on an individual. Some of the treatment options include music therapy, group therapy, pet therapy, psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, physical exercise, and use of medicinal drugs. Cognitive therapy is one of the most effective and efficient method for treating depression (Rupke, Blecke Renfrow, 200 6). As already mentioned, depression interferes with the normal functioning of the body including the thought process.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A depressed person develops extremely negative thoughts and attitudes towards life in general resulting in a distorted perception of reality. The negative thoughts have to be defused by the use of appropriate techniques in order to restore normalcy in the person’s thought process (Beck, 2006). This has emerged as one of the major reason justifying the use of cognitive therapy in the treatment of depression disorder. While antidepressant medicines have been found to work effectively in dealing with moderate depression, research findings reveal that cognitive therapy is effective as well (Butler Beck, 2005). Symptoms such as fatigue, low self-esteem and manifestations of suicidal tendencies are closely associated with t hought problems (Beck, 2006). It would therefore be appropriate to use cognitive therapy to reduce these symptoms and reinstate proper thinking and better feeling. For a long period, depression had been treated using medicinal drugs and had been found not to work effectively in treating all cases of depression (Butler Beck, 2005). This was mainly due to the multifaceted nature of the condition. Among those cases that could not be treated include the ones involving negative thoughts and attitudes. In the 1960s, cognitive therapy was introduced as an alternative method for dealing with the disorder. The other rationale for using cognitive therapy in treating depression disorder is the fact that thoughts can significantly influence the moods of an individual (Dobson, 2011). A depressed person may have negative thoughts without being aware of them. Conscious effort should be made to identify the existence of such automatic thoughts which are known to be recipe for distorted perception of reality. Cognitive therapy plays a significant role in facilitating this effort. The depressed person will be able not only to think positively but to have a realistic view of life and its challenges. How cognitive therapy works Cognitive therapists employ several strategies while treating people with depression. These therapeutic techniques are used to help individuals re-order their thinking patterns especially when confronted with problems in life. It is the ups and downs of life that contribute to depression in many people, young and old alike (Persons, Davidson Tompkins, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Treatment of Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This treatment approach is very active and structured in nature with focus on the problem at hand. The first strategy is to understand the fact that problems in life are multifaceted: different individuals view the same problem from dif ferent perspectives; thoughts about the same problem vary; the emotions of a person concerning the problem are also unique; the view of the problem depends on the physical feelings of an individual when dealing with a problem; and most significantly, the actions of an individual prior, during, and the period after the occurrence of the problem (Segal, 2004). These are the most important angles from which any problem may be viewed. Cognitive therapy helps an individual to learn how to breakdown the problems into its constituent facets and categorise them into critical and minor problems. This will go a long way in ensuring that each problem is dealt with, one part at a time. The patient is usually taught the various tools of cognitive therapy. The treatment process is organised into clear therapy sessions by a qualified cognitive therapist (Rupke et al., 2006). At the end of specific sessions, the depressed person is expected to complete some take-home assignments which will enable h im or her to apply what has been learnt in selected real life challenging situations. All sessions are linked by continued review of the progress made from one lesson to the next. Under normal circumstances, a complete cognitive therapeutic course consists of about 14 to 16 sessions. Serious cases, however, may take longer than usual. These opportunities are designed to help the patient improve on his or her thinking and behavioural patterns in a progressive manner culminating in the reduction of depression (Persons et al., 2000). Apart from the sessions, there is the formulation of individualised cases, scheduling of various relevant activities as well as the schema change method. In order to understand the relationships between the type of thoughts, emotions, physiology and overt behaviour, the patient is requested to keep a record of all the undesirable thoughts as well as mental impressions or images about reality. Once these cognitions have been identified, the depressed person is taught how to evaluate them and adapt a realistic viewpoint and eliminate negative thoughts and distorted mental images (Dobson, 2011). In general, this approach employs both cognitive and behavioural techniques during treatment hence the alternative name, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Empirical Evidence on the Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy The effectiveness of cognitive therapy relative to other treatment options has been proved to be superior over time in various depression treatment centers. A number of studies have indicated that cognitive therapies have good results just like in the case of pharmacotherapy in all cases of depression (Dobson, 2011). Cognitive therapy has also been found to be effective in the prevention of relapse which is quite common when alternative treatment interventions are exclusively used (Segal, 2004). The therapy has been found to be a reliable and effective alternative treatment option for physical and mental symptoms associated with depression. Conclusion Depression is definitely a serious state that has significant impacts on an individual both physically and mentally. The essay has discussed the cognitive treatment of depression disorder. It has given the rationale for the therapy and some of the therapeutic techniques used to treat this disorder. The paper has also provided a brief overview of the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of this treatment method. Cognitive therapy remains one of the most effective treatment alternatives for depression and should be embraced. References Beck, J. (October 2006). Cognitive therapy shows promise for suicide prevention. American Psychological Association, 37(9): 17 Butler, A. C. Beck, A. T. (2005). Cognitive therapy for depression. The Clinical  Psychologist, 48(3): 3-5 Dobson, K. S. (November 2011). Cognitive therapy. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Persons, J. B., Davidson, J. Tompkins, M. A. (October 2000). Essential  components of cognitive-behavior therapy for depression. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Rupke, S. J., Blecke, D. Renfrow, M. (January 2006). Cognitive Therapy for Depression. American Family Physician, 73(1): 83-86 Segal, Z. V. (November 2004). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for  Depr ession. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association